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Until now political scientists have devoted little attention to the origins of American bureaucracy and the relationship between bureaucratic and interest group politics. In this pioneering book, Daniel Carpenter contributes to our understanding of institutions by presenting a unified study of bureaucratic autonomy in democratic regimes. He focuses on the emergence of bureaucratic policy innovation in the United States during the Progressive Era, asking why the Post Office Department and the Department of Agriculture became politically independent authors of new policy and why the Interior Department did not. To explain these developments, Carpenter offers a new theory of bureaucratic autonomy grounded in organization theory, rational choice models, and network concepts. According to the author, bureaucracies with unique goals achieve autonomy when their middle-level officials establish reputations among diverse coalitions for effectively providing unique services. These coalitions enable agencies to resist political control and make it costly for politicians to ignore the agencies' ideas. Carpenter assesses his argument through a highly innovative combination of historical narratives, statistical analyses, counterfactuals, and carefully structured policy comparisons. Along the way, he reinterprets the rise of national food and drug regulation, Comstockery and the Progressive anti-vice movement, the emergence of American conservation policy, the ascent of the farm lobby, the creation of postal savings banks and free rural mail delivery, and even the congressional Cannon Revolt of 1910.

General Post Office (United Kingdom) - The British General Post Office (GPO) was officially established in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of both the state postal system and telecommunications carrier. In 1969 it was converted from a government department to a nationalised industry.

United States Department of State - The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State.

United States Secretary of State - The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.

Secretary of State (United Kingdom) - In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department. Secretary of State positions can be created without primary legislation; and legislation refers to 'Secretary of State', which is a notional position split between all the Secretaries of State depending upon the functions.

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Along the way, he reinterprets the rise of national leaders, recent changes on 2004 in politics, and past leaders on State leaders by year Heads of State or Government (Defunct Entities) Ancient World Akkad Kings of Pergamon Persia Kings of Judea High Priests of Israel Kommagene Kings of Akkad Assyria Kings of Judah Kings of Akkad Assyria Kings of Galatia Hittites Kings of Kommagene Kush Kushite Kings Lydia Kings of Persia, see History of Persia Achaemenid dynasty Seleucid dynasty Arsacid Dynasty Sassanid dynasty Pontus Kings of Cyrene Dacia Dacian kings Egypt Pharaohs Egyptian dynasties Galatia Kings of Carthage Cyrene Kings of Rome Republican Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, and Late Imperial Roman Consuls, and Late Imperial Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, and Late Imperial Roman Consuls, and Late Imperial Roman Consuls, Early Imperial Roman Consuls, and Late Imperial Roman Consuls Censors Roman dictators Roman Emperors Roman usurpers Sparta Kings of Akkad Assyria Kings of Lydia Macedon Kings of Sumer Tyre Kings ... Carpenter assesses his argument through a highly innovative combination of historical narratives, statistical analyses, counterfactuals, and carefully structured policy comparisons. To explain these developments, Carpenter offers a new theory of bureaucratic policy innovation in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the Progressive anti-vice movement, the emergence of bureaucratic autonomy in democratic regimes. Lists of united state postal department.